Who Gets What Fair Compensation After Tragedy And...

In Who Gets What: Fair Compensation after Tragedy and Financial Upheaval, Kenneth R. Feinberg provides a brief overview of his unique career implementing large payout and compensation systems following tragedies. As the title suggests, the main goal of the book is to shed light on how Feinberg implemented a number of previously unprecedented compensation funds and decided which parties should be compensated, how much they should be compensated, and the burden of proof required by each party, all while operating in the shadow a national tragedy and intense political pressure. While the book contains valuable insight into some of the most ambitious payout and compensation plans ever implemented in the United States, the lessons are somewhat muffled by Feinberg’s reluctance to apply the lessons of each fund to any larger policy or make any connections to traditional means of recovery though torts. (pg. 24). Feinberg’s work under intense scrutiny is commendable, however I think the analysis in Who Gets What would have been more effective if he explained why he thought the compensation procedures from funds he managed should be completely separated from torts and not presented the rationale for his decisions as fairness. Feinberg’s views the victim funds that he has managed as, â€Å"safety valves,† that should only be used in extreme and rare scenarios. (p. 195). This must be true given the extreme circumstance that lead to each case study. For one thing, there will rarely beShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pageseconomic, social, and political churning, how will these driving factors be influenced by the brutally competitive global economy in which organizations do not have any particular geographic identity or travel under any particular national passport? 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The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) - 2527 Words

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Explaining Vital Financial Derivatives Employed Within Portfolio

Question: Discuss About the Vital Financial Derivatives Employed Within Portfolio Management? Answer: Introduction The current assignment indicates the implementation of suitable financial derivatives by the portfolio managers in order to enhance their overall investment return. Financial derivatives are deemed to be of four distinct types that facilitate the investors to attain increased access within the market. The implementation of derivative facilitates the investors to hedge their total exposure within the capital market (Berezhnoy et al. 2014). Such derivatives also facilitate the portfolio managers and the investors in order to apply important investment theories in order to attain high profits. The overall assignment generally analyses within hypothetical situation in which all the four distinct types of derivative instrument is analysed and managed. Finally, the total recommendation meant for the portfolio managers that might facilitate in enhancing the total process along with offering great capability for enhancing profits through employing the distinct derivative instruments. There exist distinct kinds of financial derivatives that might be employed though maintaining portfolio management of such derivatives those are explained: Forward Contract Derivatives Forward contract derivatives are considered as the simplest form of decorative instrument that is applicable just for one day. This is deemed as among the oldest contract forms the investors in order to hedge or loss control carries that out in upcoming years. The forward contract is deemed as an agreement that is to be carried out between two parties considering a product sale or certain instrument in the upcoming years (Bodie 2013). Such instrument is used widely at the time of future contracts intervention. Numerous investors are considering using the forward contracts in an efficient manner until the day for maintaining suitable exposure within market. It was also indicated that forward contracts are majorly carried out between two major counterparties in which there is less exchange responsible transactions. In account to the same, it was argued that the application of future contracts must not facilitate or oblige several parties for maintaining commitment in consideration to t he contract. Details regarding the forward contracts can be maintained confidential for the public for the reason that it is not that important to offer important details in consideration to the transactions (Dutta 2016). Forward contract facilitated investors to control the increasing prices in a better manner and decrease in certain losses that can attain income from the volatile capita market. In the recent years, forward contract is employed within currency exchange that is carried out by a bank. A forward contract example Particulars Value Value AUD payment 2,000,000 Current AUD/USD Rate 0.75 = 2,000,000 * 0.75 = 1500000 Forward Contract Rate 0.73 = 2,000,000 * 0.73 = 1460000 Expected AUD/USD Rate 0.72 = 2,000,000 * 0.72 = 1440000 Reduction in losses 20000 A company that employs AUD USD rate for decreasing the volatility within the exchange market for the payment, which requires to be transformed into USD. The total use of forward contract majorly facilitates in decreasing losses by $20000. This was deemed possible through employing a forward contract that dealt with overall exchange rate and decreased all the risks that might be experienced by an individual while exchanging payment. This majorly facilitates the investors to address the total exchange rate that helps in ecreasing certain risk within the capital market (F?t and Pop 2015). Future Contract Derivative Future contracts serve as a feasible transaction that might be carried out which facilitates the investors in carrying out suitable investment decisions. Such kind of contract is deemed identical with the forward contracts in which specific commodity sale is carried out on a particular upcoming date. In contrast, certain commodity prices are fixed within the recent date that facilitates in decreasing the type of price volatility that might think in the upcoming year. Future contracts employ exchanges that are carried out by a medium that facilitates and obliges several parties to address the part within bargaining. Future contracts carried out within a previously designed format that must be followed by an investor through carrying out investments and transaction (Frino, Mollica and Webb 2014). In addition, future contract consider following a regular settlement contract format in which the overall gains and losses can be realised on a specific day after the trading day commencement. Within future contracts, the buyers and sellers do not form the type of contract to enter within an agreement that they considerably transit within the exchange. For this reason, such exchange is generally accountable for certain transactions carried out within future contracts and is liable to pay all its parties. Future contract example Particulars Value Value Buying Gold 150 ounce Current Gold price 1358.63 = 150 * 1358.63 = 203794.5 Future contract 1365 = 150 * 1365 = 204750 Expected Price 1450 = 150 * 1450 = 217500 Reduction in losses 12750 From the total analysis of the future contracts is an instance that might be understood with decrease of $12750 worth the value in gold purchasing bus conductor. Such decrease was attained majorly for employing a futures contract that facilitates in the current prices locking related to gold along with facilitating the investors for gradually decreasing high losses in purchasing thee gold commodity (Johnson 2015). Such type of extensive employed facilitates the investors in enhancing their recent financial exposures within the market in a better manner. Option Contract Derivative Option contract derivative serves as a third option that can be employed by investors for effectively hedging exposure within capital market. The option contract facilitates investors in efficiently hedging against certain future volatility that can be expected by them. There are two kinds of options and they are greatly used by investors that include call option and put option. Call option is deemed appropriate that facilitates investors and purchases something at a future date at a specific price (Hou 2017). Moreover, put option majorly facilitates investors to sell certain things at a specific price. In addition, option contract offers an efficient selection to the traders as this might facilitate trade in future. An important selection facilitates investors in order to speculate market effectively and decreasing several extreme losses that might be carried out in the investment period. The option contract is majorly carried out within the support to an exchange to be an important measure that must be considered while the option trades are carried out. Option trades might facilitate the investors in enhancing their exposure within the market with several small premiums offered by the people. At any expense of premium, the investors might ignore certain losses that might take place in upcoming years. Recently, the option contact is in increased demand among the investors for this facilitates them in generating several risks and enhances the investment capability (Norden, Buston and Wagner 2014). Option contracts are carried out relied on process associated with specific instrument and such options are carried out relied on future price volatility for attaining increased investment returns (Lievenbrck and Schmid 2014). The major cost that was experienced by the option contractors is the higher amount that they are charged for carrying out trades. Implementation of pre mium amount supports the investors in decreasing capital blockage. This was previously carried out within future contracts and facilitates them in enhancing the investment ability. It was gathered that because of speculators of the option trading system and novice traders are capable to inflate and generate volatility within the market that in turn decreases market efficiency. Option Contract Example Particulars Value Calculation Formulas and Value Selling shares of Apple 2000 Buying Put Option Current price 162.96 2000 * 162.96 = 23396.7 Strike price 140 2000 * 140 = 19600 Premium 6 2000 * 6 = 12000 Expected Price 130 2000 * 130 = 16900 Actual Price 159 2000 * 159 = 25281 Reduction in losses 28900 - 25281= 3619 loss As per the example mentioned in the table above, option price of an Apple might not offer to deal with important speculation of $130. This gradually indicates the losses of an investor of amount $ 3619 after the person has invested with strike rate of $140 and premium rate of $6. Moreover, the current price with which an investor invested is $ 162.96. In addition, the price decreased by $ 159 that has resulted in a great loss of $ 3619. Swaps Derivative A highly complex contract type within derivative is deemed as swap contract that encompass effective speculation and important research before carrying out a trade. Swap derivatives are majorly carried out on several participants in whom investors employs a fixed rate for interest in order to enhance total gains attained from the investment. The swap trades facilitate investors to the swap interest rates and certain currency in order to increase total financial income. Along with the swap trades, companies are capable to avoid rtes of foreign exchange that might affect an investments overall return (Salazar 2014). Swap trades majorly carried out by the private contractors in order to negotiate among the parties in order to attain important advantages from certain spread. Swap trades are carried out by the investment bankers among the two parties for it facilitates in decreasing risks from the investment. However, Swap trades might facilitate enhancing total risk gathered from currenc y exchange rate that might affect and decrease certain income that can be generated from investment. Amount to be invested 150,000 Interest rate 1st country Interest rate 2nd country Exchange rate 3 0.333333333 savings 7% 3% loan 8% 4% Invested amount 450,000 Interest received 31,500 Converted to 2nd country 10,500 Invested amount 150,000 Invested paid 4,500 Total income 6,000 From total analysis of the given instance, it might be gathered that investment within first nation might eventually facilitate in attaining interest 450,000 that might be transformed to 10,500. Moreover, a loan within second nation code gradually attracts payment of 4500 hat can attain increased income of 6000 for certain investors. This is identified gradually as a swap trade that was carried out by the organizations and investors for enhancing total investment. Evaluating Desirability of Employing within Derivatives within Hypothetical Conditions with Suitable Critics After accomplishment of total analysis of four distinct types of derivative instruments, option contract along with futures contract is majorly recognised to extremely viable investment option. This might also facilitate investors to carry out trades devoid of any important risk. For this reason, certain hypothetical situations in the above conditions in certain instances that majorly indicate the implementation of an option trading along with future trading might facilitate the investors in conducting the investment decisions and carrying out trade within the market effectively (Khumawala, Ranasinghe and Yan 2016). In contrast, forward contracts are the aspects employed within the markets that must be avoided, by the investors along with portfolio managers in order to carry out and offer the required portfolio construction. Moreover, portfolio manager might also avoid swap trades for it just includes complex endeavour carried out by organizations. For this reason, the implementation and option contracts might gradually facilitate a portfolio manager in carrying out and delivering the required return rate from investment. Recommendations and Conclusion After the total analysis of the assignment, it might be realised that the derivatives contracts might facilitate the investors to invest within the market in a better manner. In order to carry out important transactions by the investors within the market that majorly employ the derivative instruments like future, forward, options along with swap contracts. Moreover, use of option and future contracts is considerably higher within the market as it offers effective technique investors in order to enhance the profitability. For this reason, it might be realised that implementation of option contracts serves an effective investment instrument that might facilitate the investors in carrying out high-end trades. For such reason, portfolio managers must attain an option and future contracts for effectively carrying out and develop their portfolio for attaining important investment return. Reference List Berezhnoy, V.I., Berezhnaya, E.V., Berezhnaya, O.V., Telnova, N.N., Ostapenko, E.A. and Shatalova, O.I., 2014. Methodology of application of the systematic and derivative analysis of the conditions of the local raw materials market development.Life Sci. J,11(8), pp.600-602. Bodie, Z., 2013.Investments. McGraw-Hill. Dutta, A., 2016. A Comparative Study of Efficiency of the Market-The Pre and Post Derivative Trading Period in India. F?t, C. and Pop, F., 2015. The Evolution of OTC Interest Rate Derivative Market: The FRA Case.Procedia Economics and Finance,32, pp.1154-1162. Frino, A., Mollica, V. and Webb, R.I., 2014. The Impact of Co?Location of Securities Exchanges' and Traders' Computer Servers on Market Liquidity.Journal of Futures Markets,34(1), pp.20-33. Hou, Q., 2017. Research on the Development of Derivative Products of Comic and Animation Advertising Video of Local Characteristic Culture.DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science, (icsste). Johnson, C.A., 2015. Moving from Soft Law to Hard Law in the Derivative Area: A Case Study.The Changing Landscape of Global Financial Governance and the Role of Soft Law, p.258. Khumawala, S., Ranasinghe, T. and Yan, C.J., 2016. Why hedge? Extent, nature, and determinants of derivative usage in US municipalities.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,35(3), pp.303-325. Lievenbrck, M. and Schmid, T., 2014. Why do firms (not) hedge?Novel evidence on cultural influence.Journal of Corporate Finance,25, pp.92-106. Norden, L., Buston, C.S. and Wagner, W., 2014. Financial innovation and bank behavior: Evidence from credit markets.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,43, pp.130-145. Pinzur, D., 2016. Making the grade: infrastructural semiotics and derivative market outcomes on the Chicago Board of Trade and New Orleans Cotton Exchange, 18561909.Economy and Society, pp.1-23. Rauterberg, G.V. and Verstein, A., 2014. Assessing transnational private regulation of the OTC derivatives market: ISDA, the BBA, and the future of financial reform. Rifai, N., Syaukat, Y., Siregar, H. and Gumbira-Sa-id, E., 2015. Factors affecting increased export of Indonesian palm oil and its derivative products to the United States of America market.Journal of ISSAAS (International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences),21(1), pp.137-146. Roukny, T. and Battiston, S., 2014. A network analysis of the evolution of the German interbank market. Salazar, M., 2014. Swapping More than Regulations: Reexamining the Goals of the Dodd-Frank Act and the European Market Infrastructure Regulation on Over-the-Counter Derivative Markets.Sw. J. Int'l L.,21, p.217. Sharma, P., Lee, S., Guo, T., Irwin, D. and Shenoy, P., 2015, April. Spotcheck: Designing a derivative iaas cloud on the spot market. InProceedings of the Tenth European Conference on Computer Systems(p. 16). ACM. Takino, K., 2016. An Equilibrium Model for an OTC Derivative Market under a Counterparty Risk Constraint.

Mcdonalds And You Essays - McDonalds, Criticism Of Fast Food

Mcdonald's and you McDonaldization of Society In today's' complicated and ever changing society, we often try to achieve a sense of stability and familiarity around us. One way our culture has tried to make life a little easier is by implementing a function now know as McDonaldization. McDonaldization is defined as the process by which the principles of the fast food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world. (1) The success of McDonalds, and of McDonaldization as a whole, is due to four basic factors--efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control. One of the first functions of McDonaldization is efficiency. Efficiency means choosing the optimum means to an given end. In our society, people like to have things go as quickly and as smoothly as possible, but they do not want to find out the fastest way themselves. Instead, people like to have a system that has already been used and that they know works. Efficiency has its advanta ges for both consumers, who get what they want quickly and with little effort, and for workers, who can perform their tasks in a simple manner. The fast food industry is very streamlined, because hamburgers are the simplest food there is to make. Other foods also do not need a lot of ingredients, and they are simple to make and to eat. Most of the food is also prepared so one can eat it with their hands, thereby reducing the need for utensils. In the process of McDonaldization, consumers are forced to do a good deal of work as well. They have to stand on line, carry their own food, and throw out the garbage. This is not as efficient for the consumer, but it saves time for the workers. Education, health care, and the work place are all becoming McDonaldalized in order to become more efficient. Efficiency in McDonaldization has streamlined many processes, simplified goods and services, and forces the consumer to do work as well. Another factor of McDonaldization is calculability. This tends to put more of an emphasis on quantity rather than quality, but it allows the consumer to get a lot of food quickly. When things are easily counted, it facilitates the process by making it more predictable by using the same amount of materials. Part of McDonalds is an emphasis on size. Everything is super sized, or have names that make food items seem larger than they actually are. Calculability, however, also leads to the quality of the food being neglected. Because people feel as if they are getting a lot of food for their money, they are not as worried about how good it tastes. Food is always weighed and measured precisely, which is another part of calculability. All burgers weigh the same amount, there are the same number of fries in each container, and the new drink machines dispense the same amount to each cup. This same theory is seen in our education system. Students are herded through, and no one really pays much attention to what or how they are learning, just that they receive high grades so they can get into a good college. Health care has also seen the impact of these, because now patients are mainly treated just to squeeze some money out of them, and doctors seemingly don't truly care about their patients anymore. Calculability basically reduces the quality of goods, but improves the quantity of them. The third function of McDonaldization is predictability. In our society, people usually want to know exactly what to expect from a given situation. Predictability gives the consumer a break from having to make difficult decisions, and the worker can perform their task with little effort. The needs of everyone become easily anticipated. One of the first places predictability became common was with motel chains. Before motels became franchised, guests didn't know exactly what they would be getting, for the good or the bad. But then hotels such as Holiday Inn and Howard Johnson's started, and guests knew exactly what they were going to get when they stayed there. This new practice was copied in the food industry, namely by McDonalds. First, they started with

Effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care Essays

Effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care Essays Effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care Paper Effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care Paper In this assessment I am going to demonstrate an understanding of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care. I am also going to talk about the types of communication i.e. formal and informal and also what is good or bad communication. One-to-one communication When starting a conversation with someone you have never met before, you should first try to start a positive atmosphere with the right kind of feeling. It is also very important to create a positive emotional atmosphere so that the person can feel comfortable with you from the start so you can discuss complicated issues or give information. For example when I was working in the nursery I had to talk to the child that was crying because they didn’t want to leave they parents so I had a one to one conversation with him and I made sure that the child knew that I was happy with him and wanted him to come play with me and to stop crying by my facial expression and body language. I asked him a lot of open questions like ‘What did you do at the weekend? and How was you Christmas? He was talking back. He felt relaxed and happy which made him forget about his parents not being around. He was happy to speak to me and he felt like he was not alone. How a conversation could go Greeting or a warm up Conversation or information exchange Farewells or winding-down When you have got someone talking and relaxed you have created a good feeling. You can now start to talk about anything with them. Sometimes you can even start a personal conversation asking how their health and family are and talk about any problems they are going through. When the conversation is coming to a end you would want the person to want to talk to you again so you have to leave with the right kind of emotions. You could end it with a phrase like ‘see you soon’ which shows them that you enjoyed their company and would like to talk to them again and to also show that you value them. Group communication Group communication only works when everyone is involved. Some people are open but on the other hand some people are quiet and don’t like to talk so they feel threatened if their have to speak within a formal group of people so there might stay quiet because they are worried about people reactions, I was working in a youth club and I had to get the children talking about an activity the club wanted to do with them. It’s very important that everyone in the group feels included because that will bring the right atmosphere and my job was to hear what they wanted to do. The youths in the group often use humour or other friendly ways of behaving to create the right group feeling, this will encourages them to talk and get involved. Creating the right atmosphere involves ‘maintaining’ the group so this aspect of group communication is often called group maintenance. Group leader There are different type of groups sometimes you need a leader and other times you don’t, but the groups with the leader turn out to be more successful than those with out a leader. In meetings or classroom discussions you would find a leader or a chairman for example in the youth meeting I took with the youths I was the leader and because the discussion had a leader it was successful everyone new I was the leader as well so when I said you talk there talk and I made sure there was no trouble makers there. When talking or arguing with your friends you often don’t have a leader that’s why it’s often loud and get out of control. Having a leader is very useful because the leader can encourage people to say what they have to say and for people to speak one at a time. The leading also often encourages people to focus on a particular task within a group. See of signs and symbols In a working environment signs and symbols are everywhere because its one of the best way of communicating without saying anything instead putting a picture where everyone can see it. I am going to be talking about how effective signs and symbols are in a care setting environment. People from backgrounds ages and even race if you put a sign in front of them there would be able to tell you what the sign says. When I was working in a nursery there was a child who could not speak English so we had to teach her using signs and symbols. When we wanted to talk to her we used sign language and she could understand everything we were trying to say. In the nursery I was working in there was lots of signs everywhere because children like colours, signs and symbols these are normally in lots of different colours. There could be signs or a symbol for every word in for example This sign mean wash your hands after using the toilet. Sign language is used a lot even in a nursery because Written communication Written communication is the best way of remembering what you have been told for example when I started my work placement I was given an introduction package showing me where everything was and what the nursery was all about. I still use it even through I am working there. Written communication allows you to keep information for as long as you want. When we had staff meeting we would have a sheet that tell as what the meeting is about before the meeting start and the order the meeting is going to go. When something is written its also easier to understand when someone is saying it because you can read it as much times as you want where us if someone is saying it and you miss what there said you would have to ask to say it again and if you keep asking then the person will be angry with you. In class when we are set work the teacher will tell us to write down or take notes on what he is saying so that when we are doing it alone we would know what to write and how to do it. In the nursery I was working in I had to do an activity with the children so I done a written activity where there are going to learn how to write and spell there names it was very successful because there got to take it home and learn it even more and now there all know how to spell there names and write it. Language (first language, dialect, slang, jargon) When it comes to language and communication it goes to ways because sometimes when you want to communicate with someone you have to speak in a language where there can understand you. Because different localities, ethnic groups and cultures all have their own way of communicating with each other and if you’re not from that group you would not be able to understand what there saying. The fact that you can’t understand what there saying some people are threatened or exclude by the kind of language they encounter in these speech communities however just using formal language will not solve this problem for example jargon is when complicated words are been used because the person and the phone is not going to understand so the communication with you and the person will be broken. People from different geographical areas also use different ways of speaking to each other for example there are words that is used in south east London that are not used in north London for example strap in south means gun straly in north also means gun this is called slang. Slang is non-standard words that are understood by other members of a speech community but which cannot usually be found in a dictionary. When I was working in my nursery I child came from France and not speak a word of English so it was hard to communicate with her so we had to teach her English using her language and mixing it will English so that she can learn. There was another case where a child has an older brother and the older brother speaks slang and the child picked it up and could understand so when I speak to the child I would use slang and the child could understand me more than any other teacher. It is very hard to communicate with someone if don’t speak there language because you would have to keep repeating yourself. According to the author and psychologist Steven Pinker (1994) estimated that there maybe about 600 languages in the world that are spoken by more than 100,000 people he also believe that there are many more minority languages. Some people grow up in multilingual communities where they learn several languages from birth. Where us children in the UK have grown up to only use one language to think and communicate with which is English. The people who learn second language later on in life often find that they cannot communicate their thoughts as effectively as they might have done using their first language. The first language that people have learned to think in usually becomes their preferred language. Non-verbal communication (posture, facial expression, touch, silence, proximity, reflective listening) From the first time you meet someone you usually be able to tell how there are feeling for example if there angry, tried, happy, sad and even frightened even if there haven’t said anything. You can usually guess what a person feels by studying their non-verbal communication. Non-verbal means with out word. We send this message using our eyes, the tone of our voice, facial expression, our hands and arms, gestures with our hands and arms, the hands and arm the angle of our head, and the way we sit To tell people what you‘re thinking of or how you are feeling. When I was working in nursery from the first moment I walked in the room where the kids was I new their characters just my the way their was sitting to listen to the story for example some children were next to the teacher listen to teacher does was the children I thought are good students and a child was trying to talk to the other and he said no. So from that moment I could just see who troubles are and who are not. From the moment I walked in I new the children that was happy to see and the ones that are not just by their facial expression and when I said hi the voice of their voice in the reply. I was talking to a member of staff and this child came up to me and put his hands out and I picked him up I didn’t even have to say anything for the child he just felt happy with me. The use of British sign language The British sign language is used in the UK and it’s the first preferred language of some deaf people. The language involves movement of the hands, body, face and head. Thousands of people who aren’t deaf also use British sign language for example if a person is angry and someone is asking them a question they might answer with a head nod. As hearing relatives of deaf people, sign language interpreters or as a result of other contact with the British deaf community Use of sign Its not only people who have a disability .i.e. deaf or blind use signs and signed languages to communicate as many people who have perfect hearing frequently use non-verbal communication techniques when your out socializing with friends and even out home. We all use sign language in fact it is probably used more often than we realise as sometime you are unaware that you are using forms of sign language to communicate. Variation between cultures Culture variations can have a big effect on the way people communicate non-verbally. For example actions that are not seen as offensive in your home country may be seen very offended to foreign countries. That’s why communication with people from different cultures is especially challenging. Cultures provide people with different ways of thinking, seeing things, hearing, and interpreting the world.

Salt Potato essays

Salt Potato essays Plants in the soil have their roots in a dilute solution of mineral ions. When they are suddenly flooded with seawater, concentration of which is 0.3 molar Sodium Chloride, they are observed to wilt and become flaccid. The aim of this experiment is to investigate the movement of water into and out of plant cells by osmosis. The cells chosen for study will be taken from potato tubers as they provide a ready supply of uniform material. Any substance dissolved in water is called a solute; a solvent is a liquid that is able to dissolve another substance, called a solute, to form a solution. The water content of plants varies depending on environmental conditions. In land plants it plays a vital role in structural support and mineral transport and thus a lack of water may lead to wilting or possibly death. Water is mainly absorbed through the roots, which are covered in specially adapted root hair cells, with large surface areas and thin cell walls to aid absorption by osmosis. The evaporation of water through stomata on plant leaves causes a transpiration stream, causing the water to be drawn up through xylem vessels. Osmosis is the flow of water molecules by diffusion through a partially permeable membrane from areas of high water potential (low solute concentrations) to regions of low water potential (high solute concentrations). All plant cell membranes are partially permeable, which means they allow some some substances to penetrate them but not others. Whether water enters the cell by osmosis will depend on the balance between external and internal solute and water potentials. If the solutions on each side of the partially permeable membrane are of equal water or solute potential, then there will be no net movement of water molecules across the membrane. This is called an equilibrium state and the solutions are referred to as being isotonic. A solution that contains more solute particles than another, and hence has a l...

An evaluation of ths social impact of tourism development in Essay

An evaluation of ths social impact of tourism development in manchester - Essay Example Tourism development starts with the construction of hotels, resorts, restaurants, shopping malls, beauty salons, maintenance of infrastructure, art galleries, museums, water parks and much more. Construction of all these spots is essential if any country wants to earn high revenues from the sector of tourism. Many countries have been famous for their tourism industry namely Rhodes island, France, Switzerland, Singapore, Manchester and Mauritius. In this paper our focus of discussion is Manchester. The tourist culture of Manchester offers tourists an opportunity to discover Manchester’s art and cultural scenes for which it has been and still is famous for. You can have an idea of its beauty and diverse culture scenes either by reading through different articles or by walking through the city. Most of the individuals visit this place because of its remarkable and endless and take with them unforgettable memories of their visit. Though, tourism industry is still going through dev elopment but then, that also serves as an additional aspect to its natural and incredible beauty. Positive and negative aspects of tourism: Tourism affects economy in many ways. Few of the positive aspects of tourism development on economy includes increase in employment, uplifting of economic growth, avoiding migration of local residents, helping in interchanging local products, ideas, costumes and developing a sense of conserving environment in local population as well as in tourists (web 1). Apart from this, visiting other countries helps in developing long term and cordial relations. It builds positive attitude and respect towards each other (Mirbabayev and Shagazatov, 2003). It also provides an opportunity to study and understand each other’s culture and traditions without destroying each other’s cultural heritage. It increases self-esteem of host country as well as of tourists and one attains psychological satisfaction through interaction. Apart from positive asp ects, tourism also affects economy negatively by increasing the consumption of ground, water and energy. Moreover, for the purpose of attracting more tourists huge attention might be paid to the development of new infrastructure that leads to the destruction of landscape (web 1). In addition to these, introduction of new species of plants and animals that might alter the ecosystem can be one of the reasons of tourism effecting economy adversely. Here, the focus of discussion is social impact of tourism development in Manchester. In order to analyze this topic in detail, semi structured interview was conducted, in which local residents were interviewed and the information collected helped researcher to probe into the minute details of the issue under study. Research strategy: Research strategy constitute of primary data collection and secondary data collection. For the purpose of carrying out this research, data was collected through primary source and the instrument used for data co llection is unstructured interview. Interview: An interview consisting of 15 questions was conducted in which local residents of Manchester were interviewed in order to evaluate their perception regarding social impact of tourism development in Manchester. Following are the questions that were asked from individuals: 1. What is your name, age and nationality? 2. To which income level you belong to? 3. For how long you have been living in

Medical equipment lifecycle ( Medical Equipment & Technology Services Essay

Medical equipment lifecycle ( Medical Equipment & Technology Services Management) - Essay Example The advantages which are connected with medical technology are substantial. There exists a disturbing rise in the index of patient moratlity of which medical facility error has been a causal attribute. Medical Technology Equipment from the User's Perspective Academic articles and books have recommended that user participation by means of the inclusion of the ergonomic engineering inside of the medical component architecture and production process (MDDD) presents many advantages which facilitate the production of less hazardous and more efficient medical technology components which cater to the user's needs in a more effective manner. There has not been a great deal of research which has been completed with regards to the user participation in this procedure, the efficacy of the participation of the medical equipment user in providing feedback (Money et al., 2011). Medical technology equipment usage at the planning phase was discovered to be the greatest due to the participation of th e users. Participation of the users at the planning stage is regarded to be of great importance. The most elevated user involvement during the planning phase was to formulate user directed designs which are applied to implementing new efficient product designs. The design outcomes are applied to the manufacture of medical components which have increased equipment user security and that may be effectively applied. Another purpose for the increased user participation at the planning stage is the need for formal planning procedures which should be initiated and concluded with the customer requisites as per regulation ISO 9001. Nonetheless, each phase of the medical component life cycle is integral and required (Shah, 2006, p. 506). In considering a holistic perspective to the comprehension of the interactions between individuals and system components, it becomes feasible to classify the technological characteristics that will best comply with the user's requirements. This holistic pers pective will augment the quality of the medical technology equipment experience and the well being of the user when applying the medical technology. The user centered perspective which is applied by practitioners with respect to ergonomics may enable health care organizations to possess a methodology of application when procuring and applying medical technology. This users perspective includes the ascertaining if the medical technology equipment complies with the ergonomics requisites of the user and if there will be any adverse impact on the technology system of which it will become an integral element (Shaver and Braun, 2008). The Nielsen -Schneiderman Heuristics Perspective The Nielsen- Schneiderman Heuristics are the following elements of evaluations which should be applied from a user's perspective on the ergonomics of medical technology equipment: 1. Consistent results- The users should be aware that the actions which are performed will provide empirically assessed results. 2. Visible operation of the medical technology equipment. 3. Mental compatibility of the user's perception of the medical technology equipment concept. 4. Minimal information requisites. 5. Minimal memorization of the medical technology equipment required. 6. User feedback on the efficiency of the medical technology equipment. 7. Resiliency- The user should be able to custom tailor the medical techn

Contract and Procurement Essay Example for Free

Contract and Procurement Essay Contract and procurement are imperative operations that should be done appropriately for the success of an organization. More often than not, people who are in judge of procurement do take these activities less seriously (MOLENAAR, 2007). Due to such concern most institutions have put in place stringent measures that control all the procurement transactions. In addition to that, people should be employed to be responsible for this duty according to the policies of many institutions should be highly trained (MOSEY, 2009). This sudden change that has taken place in many companies and organizations has real improved the output of the department of procurement hence most activities run smoothly as scheduled. The directors of the department of procurement partly determine the success or the failure of a project that is undergoing. Therefore, the managers of projects work very closely with the procurement officers to ensure that everything that is required is provided whenever its need arises. It is significant that, there exists a good relationship between the project managers and the procurement officers (MOSEY, 2009). If that is not the case, then there shall be contradicting ideas that will jeopardize the progress of the project. It is worth noting that, the duties and responsibilities of the procurement officers vary in accordance with the structure of an organization. This shows that, different procurement divisions have got structures which are designed to make management coordination and monitoring. This arrangement is imperative in improvement of the efficiency of the procurement activities. As aforementioned, the project manager should coordinate the transaction in collaboration with procurement manager to acquire all the requirements. The transactions which are carried out to achieve this are done un der the interpretation of the set policies, rules and regulations (BOWER, 2003). The rules and regulations set by the institution to ensure that the activities are carried out in harmony within all the departments that exist in a company. Unlike in the past, procurement process has dynamically changed and incorporated more activities. It only used to involve purchasing of goods and services required, but that is not the case nowadays (MOSEY, 2009). In procurement planning is done first. It determines whether to purchase a given commodity and if it should be bought the way it should be bought and quantity to be supplied. After this, reliable and potential supplies are determined, and contracts made with to supply the goods ordered (MOLENAAR, 2007). Before a contract is signed, thorough scrutiny is done by evaluating the proposals of the shortlisted vendors and interviews conducted to select the one that is unparalleled in offering those services and goods. After that, the one that emerges the best is awarded the contract. Supervision of the supply is done by the procurement office. Procurement process gives support to the internal activities that are done within an organization. The operations served include management, production and marketing services. It supports all the processes, infrastructure and systems required by the projects. In other the dimension, a procurement body that is independent and separate provides all the things required by the project on a transaction basis (BOWER, 2003). In this case, the director of the project gives a list of things which are required and the procurement officer buys and coordinates the goods until they reach at the company to be used. In either organizational structure, the procurement manager is involved in generating and managing the operational transactions and the linkage that exists between all the stakeholders of the project. This relationship that is created by the procurement manager exists in the whole procurement cycle period (MOSEY, 2009). The relationship between procurement professionals and the project management team is significant in that it creates a better environment for cross functional participation of all stakeholders. Moreover, it enables the procurement department to produce the best services to the project (DINSMORE CABANIS-BREWIN, 2011). Therefore, for the procurement office to fit properly in the organization it must be well acquitted with the management strategies of the project. In a project based organization, there are about five general steps of procurement. Foremost, in collaboration with management, the procurement office should determine the requirements of the project. After determining what the requirements, the supplier is selected, who in agreement with project managers and the procurement professionals is given a contract to supply goods and services. The procurement department supervises and conducts routine assessment on the performance of the supplier until the contract ends (DINSMORE CABANIS-BREWIN, 2011). In centralized corporate management, there is an interaction between the principal stakeholders; the corporate purchasing coordination team, the chief executive officer, the chief purchasing officer, the managers of the business units and the purchasers of the business unit (SANKAR RAU, 2006). All of them have well defined roles and responsibilities in the procurement process. Most companies use formal organizational mechanisms like working groups and commodity teams, non-formal mechanisms of networking like employing competent people and initiating development programs, advanced systems of communication and use of complex management strategies (PENFIELD, 2010). In the centralized business unit procurement, the business units operate autonomously despite the fact that they are under one enterprise. The business unit creates a procurement order ships it to another business unit for supplier. Proper accounting records are kept to show the financial transactions between the two business units (SANKAR RAU, 2006). References BOWER, D. (2003). Management of procurement. London, Thomas Telford. DINSMORE, P. C., CABANIS-BREWIN, J. (2011). The AMA handbook of project management. New York, American Management Association MOLENAAR, K. R. (2007). Alternative project delivery, procurement, and contracting methods for highways. Reston, American Society of Civil Engineers. PENFIELD, P. C. (2010). A primer on negotiating corporate purchase contracts. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017), Business Expert Press SANKAR, C. S., RAU, K.-H. (2006). Implementation strategies for SAP R/3 in a multinational organization: lessons from a real-world case study. Hershey, Pennsylvania, CyberTech. MOSEY, D. (2009). Early Contractor Involvement in Building Procurement Contracts, Partnering and Project Management. Chichester, John Wiley Sons.

The Health Benefits of Exercise Essay -- Healthy Lifestyle Essay

Exercise is one of the most important factors in a persons’ life. Physical activity, or the lack of it, can result in a person having a healthy life or cause them to have diabetes. The benefits of exercise are countless. The positive health results, the improvement in attitude, even better academic performance are all factors which make not exercising inexcusable. Merely not using a person’s body is harmful. Not being active results in a person’s muscles becoming weak and out of condition. The effectiveness of a person’s heart and lungs will decrease. A person’s joints will become stiff and can be injured easily. Inactivity can be as much of a health risk as smoking. In addition children have become extremely lazy with all the entertainment available in this day and age. Most Americans watch three and a half hours of television every day. By the age of sixty five over nine years will have been spent in front of a screen. Over one-third children from ages four to nineteen eat fast food every day and fifteen percent in that age set are obese. It is especially important to prevent children and adolescences from becoming obese. According to â€Å"Obesity and Overweight for Professionals: Data and Statistics† eighty percent of obese children become obese adults. The number of overweight children in America has dou bled since the 1980s. People have begun resorting to unsuccessful diets and each day thousands of teens become bulimic or anorexic to lose weight. Thirty four to thirty seven percent of adults in America are obese. This has increased dramatically in the past twenty years (â€Å"Obesity†). The simple answer to this problem is to start exercising. The U.S. Department of Health and Human services says that children and teens need a... ...ical Activity for Families and Children." National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Llewellyn, Claire. Exercise. London: QED, 2006. Print. â€Å"Mayo Clinic.† Web. 27 Apr. 2011. . "Obesity and Overweight for Professionals: Data and Statistics | DNPAO | CDC." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Payment, Simone. What Happens to Your Body When You Run. New York, NY: Rosen Central, 2010. Print. The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, 2001. Print. "What Is Basal Metabolic Rate?" Personal Trainer Cindy Brotherston for Fitness, Weight Loss and Nutrition. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. .

“Of Mice and Men” Prejudice and Alienation Essay

Prejudice of many groups of people was prevalent in America during the Great Depression era. In the 1930s when the book took place, there was an extreme amount of racism and sexism, little to no knowledge of mental disability, and assumedly a great deal of ageism. In _Of Mice and Men,_ John Steinbeck uses prejudice to illustrate the theme of alienation through ageism, racism, sexism, and ableism. Candy was an old man who lived on the farm who lost his hand in an accident while working. The ranch hands constantly tortured Candy by telling him that his dog was too old for his own good, and that he would be better off dead. Candy takes this personally, assuming that they were insinuating that he was also worthless to the ranch, and too old for his own good. The old man realizes that this is the only job he’ll ever have, considering he only has only had one hand and is too old to do hard labor and said, â€Å"‘When they can me here I wisht somebody’d shoot me†¦ I won’t have no place to go, an’ I can’t get no more jobs'† (60). The other men understand this and exclude Candy for his differences. Slim, another ranch hand, talking about Candy’s dog said, â€Å"‘I wisht somebody’d shoot me if I got old and a cripple'† (45). Candy’s dog is an obvious parallel to Candy and his physical conditions that prevent him from working. To show racism, Steinbeck uses the character Crooks, a black stable buck who lives on the ranch. Although sometimes in the book it seems that Crooks isolates himself, it is clear towards the end of the book that the other men avoid associating with him because of the color of his skin. Many of the  other ranch hands refer to Crooks as â€Å"nigger†, an extremely offensive term, instead of his actual name. Crooks avoids getting into trouble by staying in his room (which is in the barn with the animals) and staying out of the way of the rest of the men. At one point, Crooks aggravates Curley’s wife, and as a response she threatened, â€Å"‘Well you keep your place then, nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so fast it ain’t even funny'† (87). When Crooks is talking to Lennie and Candy, he confides in them about his loneliness, admitting, â€Å"A guy sets alone here at night, maybe readin’ books or thinkin’ or stuff like that. Sometimes he gets thinkin’, an’ he got nothin’ to tell him what’s so an’ what ain’t so† (73). Sexism is another major part of the novel, and it is shown through the character of Curley’s wife. Curley’s wife, is who she sounds like she is, because she’s married to Curley, the son of the head of the ranch. She is never given a name, which was probably to show the reader that the only relevance she had was that she was Curley’s possession in a way, because she was his wife and was not allowed to talk to anyone but him. Curley’s wife constantly cries for attention because she, like many of the other characters in this novel, feels lonely most of the time. The men do not understand why she does, and take it as thought she is just being â€Å"slutty† in a sense because she didn’t like Curley. George is talking to Candy when he says his first impression of Curley’s wife. George said, â€Å"‘Well, seems Curley’s married†¦ a tart,'† because he didn’t empathize Curley’s wife’s loneliness (28). In turn, Curley’s wife is alienated for her gender, and admits to Crooks, Lennie, and Candy that she wishes she had people to talk to and have conversation with. While talking to the three other â€Å"outcasts† on the farm she admitted, â€Å"‘I can’t talk to nobody but Curley. Else he gets mad'† (87). It is more and more apparent throughout the book that the other ranch hands don’t want to make Curley upset by talking to his wife, but in the end she is still alienated because she is a woman. The most recognizable prejudice in this novel was the ablelism toward Lennie. Lennie, the main character of the book, had some type of mental disorder that prevented him from remembering things and also from controlling the motor function and decision making concerning his hands, but of course in  this time period there was no knowledge of such diseases. Lennie was the most kind-hearted, innocent character in this book because he doesn’t understand superficial alienation or prejudice toward someone because of their sex, race, age, etc. He can’t take care of himself, so his best friend George tells him what to do. During one part of the book when George is talking to Slim, George talks about how he used to treat Lennie: â€Å"‘I used to have a hell of a lot of fun with him. Used to play jokes on ‘im ’cause he was too dumb to take care of ‘imself'† (40). Soon after, George told Slim that he stopped messing with Lennie because he told him once to jump into a river, and Lennie almost drowned and died because he didn’t know how to swim, and didn’t know any better than to just listen to what George says. At the end of the book when Curley found out that Lennie had killed his wife, he took it out in anger because he did not understand that Lennie couldn’t control himself, ordering, â€Å"‘When you see ‘um, don’t give ‘im no chance, shoot for his guts'† (97). Lennie is alienated in this novel because of his disability and is isolated (and killed) as a result. In sum, Steinbeck uses ageism, sexism, racism, and ableism to convey the theme of alienation in _Of Mice and Men_. In the scene with all four of the alienated characters in Crooks’s room, Curley’s wife said in frustration with the fact that she has not one to talk to, â€Å"‘Standin’ here talkin’ to a bunch of bindle stiffs- a nigger an’ a dum-dum and a lousy ol’ sheep- an’ likin’ it because they ain’t got nobody else.'† (78) This line is very significant because it shows that even though they are all excluded from the majority of the ranch hands, and from society in general, they realize that they can turn to each other when they feel lonely.

“Recalling War” by Robert Graves and “Mental Case” by Wilfred Owen Essay

Although the poems Recalling War by Robert Graves and Mental Cases by Wilfred Owen are both concerned with the damage that war does to the soldiers involved, they are different in almost every other respect. Owen’s poem examines the physical and mental effects of war in a very personal and direct way – his voice is very much in evidence in this poem – he has clearly seen people like the ‘mental cases’ who are described. It is also evident that Owen’s own experiences of the war are described: he challenges the reader with terrifying images, in order that the reader can begin to comprehend the causes of the madness. Graves on the other hand is far more detached. His argument is distant, using ancient images to explore the immediate and long-term effects of war on the soldier. The poem is a meditation on the title, Graves examining the developing experiences and memories of war with a progression of images and metaphors. Mental Cases is a forceful poem, containing three substantial stanzas which focus on different aspects of Owen’s subject. The first stanza is a detailed description of what the ‘mental cases’ look like. Their outward appearance is gruesome, Baring teeth that leer like skulls’, preparing the reader for the even more horrifying second stanza. The second verse concentrates on the men’s past experiences, the deaths they have witnessed and the unimaginable nightmares they have lived through: Multitudinous murders they once witnessed. The last stanza concludes the poem, explaining how the men’s lives are haunted by their experiences, they go mad because the past filters into every aspect of their present lives, the men retreat away from the memories and into madness. The form of Owen’s poem is, therefore, built around three main points: the appearance of the men, their experiences, and the effect this has on their lives. In Graves’ poem the form is also key to understanding the poem, but perhaps in a less obvious way. Recalling War has five stanzas, in a form that corresponds to the psychological emotions and physical experience war provokes. The first stanza describes how Graves expects the war to be remembered twenty years after the event: the wounds have healed and the blind and handicapped men forget the injuries the war caused, as their memories are blurred by the distance of time; The one-legged man forgets his leg of wood. In the second stanza Graves moves on to question the nature of war. This verse is a description of the atmosphere and setting of war. Even when the season was the airiest May/ Down pressed  the sky, and we, oppressed, thrust out. The third stanza focuses on the battle itself, and the fourth explores the aftermath of battle and the unbearable nature of the war. The fifth and final stanza returns to the ideas expressed in the first stanza, of war being an unreal memor y. The form of this poem is crucial to its understanding. The progressions marked by the stanzas highlights the argument Graves is making. Mental Cases and Recalling War are both poems that rely on the atmosphere and tone they create, indeed this is a key source of their power. Owen creates a terrifying atmosphere throughout the poem, which is clearly a reflection of his subject matter. Not only does Owen describe in awful detail the shocking appearance of the men, he also includes horrific images of war. The tone is very powerful, with Owen asking questions in the first stanza, but who are these hellish?, a device which cleverly establishes direct contact with the reader and an engaging discourse. This connection with the reader is exploited in the second verse, in which the reader experiences the full force of Owen’s imagery. The final stanza opens with a tone that is factual: -Thus their hands are plucking at each other, summarizing the fact that these men behave the way they do because of the events they have and are experiencing. Owen ends the poem by insisting on the complicity of both himself and the reader in the fate of these men, an accusation which, after the powerful prelude, is hard to deny. Whereas Owen’s poem is powerful as a result of its consistently horrific atmosphere and tone, Graves’ poem changes tone from stanza to stanza, emulating the different stages of feeling a soldier experiences. The poem opens with a tone that is factual yet distant, as though an old tale were being told As when the morning traveller turns and views/His wild night-stumbling carved into a hill. This tone emphasizes Graves’ description of dimly remembered suffering which is fading into the distance: Entrance and exit wounds are silvered clean. The second stanza moves into a different tone, wa r is described as not only a war between countries, but a universal disaster No mere discord of flags/ But an infection of the common sky. The tone and atmosphere created are ominous, there is a feeling of anticipation and fear reminding the reader of soldiers waiting for battle: oppressed, thrust out Boastful tongue, clenched fist and valiant yard. Natural infirmities were out of mode, For Death was young again The third stanza does not immediately change tone, however the feeling  of fear increases as Graves dwells on thoughts of premature death and little on valiant yard. However, roughly half way through the stanza the tone does change dramatically. The poem becomes not fearful but simple and clear, the necessities of life are described and the tone reminds the reader of an adrenaline filled soldier, thrilled with the battle and instinct of survival, A weapon at the thigh, surgeons at call.. However, by the next stanza the battle is over and the experience of war assumes a hopeless guise. Everything good in the world has turned to ashes Extinction of each happy art and faith and the duty to fight turns into the duty to run mad. The tone of the poem is tragic, having seen hope turn to fear, exhilaration and finally collapse. The powerful climax of the poem in the fourth stanza is further emphasized in the last verse, as the tone returns to one of unreal memory. The poet’s voice is ironic with child-like naivetà ¨: Machine-guns rattle toy-like from a hill. The last lines of the poem change in tone again as the poet describes a future of despair if the past cannot be remembered with accuracy and acceptance: When learnedly the future we devote To yet more boastful visions of despair. Both poets use a very descriptive and revealing choice of vocabulary. One particular feature of Owen’s poem is the use of alliteration to emphasize the image he is trying to create: Memory fingers in their hair of murders, Multitudinous murders The repetition of the ‘m’ sound serves to increase the impact of the image, reminding the reader of a stammering, shell-shocked soldier. Thus their heads wear this hilarious, hideous is another example of alliteration. Owen’s choice of words such as slob, baring, swelters, hideous and flesh all help to increase the reader’s horror as theses words describe so well the nightmares the men are experiencing. Graves’ words also have a strong impact on the reader: his words highlight the differences between the stanzas. The second stanza describing the wait for the battle uses words like sagged, ominously, oppressed, clenched and pressed. In contrast to this the last stanza includes words such as piecrust, nibbling, rattle and dandelions, emphasizing the child-like memories of war. The contrast between the third and fourth stanzas are even more noticeable. The second half of the third stanza aims to highlight the simple and uncomplicated feelings the soldiers experience while they are in combat, this is reflected by words like roof, call, wine, rage and lack , these are all monosyllabic words stressing  Gravesà ­ point. In the fourth stanza Graves’ vocabulary changes and becomes more complex: foundering sublimities, protesting, Extinction, unendurable, again these are words which reflect the fact that the soldiers are now questioning and trying to solve a problem or paradox. The contrasts in the two poets vocabulary is intriguing. Owen’s vocabulary is far more raw and hard hitting, thought about but not agonized over. Graves’ choice of vocabulary reflects the fact that he is making a more complex series of points; the words are perhaps rather contrived. The images in Mental Cases by Owen are perhaps the most shocking aspect of the poem. There are three central images within Owen’s poem, contained within the three stanzas. The first images are those which describe the ‘mental cases’. Owen uses simile and metaphor. from jaws that slob their relish, the men are described like animals, drooling with Drooping tongues. These images imply that the experience of war for these men has taken away their humanity. Owen then describes the men as having teeth that leer like skulls’ teeth. This simile not only creates a clear picture in the mind of the reader, it also serves to show how these ‘mental cases’ are not lucky to be alive, in fact, they suffer more than their dead comrades: not only do they look like death and behave like animals, they also continue to suffer the miseries of the living world, that of memory, nightmares and madness: What slow panic/Gouged these chasms round their fretted sockets?. This image is continued to the end of the stanza as Owen claims that seeing these mad men would make anyone think they were in hell because of the ghastly picture they create. This again strengthens Owen’s argument that, although these men survived the war alive, the scars they suffer are worse than any death we can imagine. Within the second stanza Owen progresses to create images of the living hell which the mental cases experienced and are now reliving. This is the climax of the poem as line upon line brings new horrors. The first line of the stanza shows more explicitly the idea that the men are suffering perhaps more than even the dead men: There are men whose minds the Dead have ravaged. This explores the feeling that the mad men owe their lives in someway to the death of their comrades. The image of their fellow soldiers who are now dead haunts them, this is a parallel with the sentiments Owen develops at the end of the poem, that the reader and poet are somehow to blame for the madness of the ‘mental cases’, in the same way that the mad men feel guilt about the  men killed. Owen uses imagery in the poem in such away that the r eader is actually haunted by the images of the mad men, and we are also left with a strong sense of guilt at their sacrifice for our life and sanity. The images continue to horrify throughout the rest of the stanza. One of the most shocking images is that of the mad men walking on the corpses of dead men Wading sloughs of flesh these helpless wander an image which is disturbing not only because of the image it creates, but also the idea that these suffering men reached the position they are in because of the deaths of thousands of others, Treading blood from lungs that had loved laughter. This is a terribly shocking image mainly because Owen has chosen to give one of the few references to emotion in the poem to a decapitated corpse on which the mad men walk. The choice to put loving laughter next to blood from lungs is such a stark contrast that the horror of what Owen is describing cannot sink in on the first time of reading, it is further emphasized by the use of alliteration which stresses the link between the words; It is an image too terrible to comprehend so it serves its purpose, the reader is disgusted and revolted by what is described. The second stanza ends with a very powerful image Carnage incomparable, and human squander/Rucked too thick for these men’s extrication. This is a continuation of images earlier in the stanza, however the men are no longer walking on the bodies of dead men, they are being drawn under by them, unable to escape from the thousands of bodies of men whose dying was unnecessary. This image emphasizes Owen’s belief that not only did war result in millions of wasteful deaths, but the men who survived are also lost because the memories of the horror and carnage they experienced means these men can never return to sanity. The closing verse of the poem concludes that these memories are understandably too horrid for the ‘mental cases’ to face, however life and the living only serve to remind them of the dead: Sunlight seems a blood-smear; night comes blood-black . Here Owen links the images of two natural things, sunlight and night with blood, also a natural element. However when placed together and within the context of the previous stanza, the natural become unnatural and disturbing. The reader is able to identify with the suffering man because we too are repulsed by the idea of dawn breaking open like the wound that bleeds afresh. This is an image which suggests the inability for the wounds to heal, and even the dawn, an image associated with re-birth is just a  re-opening of wounds, a stark contrast with the wounds silvered clean in Graves’ poem. The close of the stanza refers back to the beginning of the poem, as the mad men are described again as being like dead men: Awful falseness of set-smiling corpses. The last lines describe the images of the ‘mental cases’ trying to touch the living and sane, the poet and the reader, who knock them back with horror, even though Owen claims it is us who dealt the war and madness Graves’ imagery, unlike Owen is subtle, not as shocking and direct, but considered carefully it is as effective and complex. The poem opens with a powerful image Entrance and exit wounds silvered clean this relies on the clever juxtaposition of the words exit wounds with silvered clean. The reader is taken by surprise as they are unusual words to find together, the poet, the reader realizes, is describing the new skin of a scar left by an old wound. The first stanza is full of images of the healed or forgotten scars of the world war, and the poet explains why: Their war was fought these twenty years ago And now assumes the nature-look of time, As when the morning traveller turns and views His wild night-stumblings carved into a hill. This image subtly argues how the distance of time does not always clarify, objectify and make accurate past events, in fact time blurs the details and obscures the negative memories. This directly contrasts with Owen’s view. Owen maintains in his poem, that the mad men can and will never be able to forget the events they experienced in the war. Their scars will not become silvered clean, but remain unbearably painful. Graves’ poem begins to examine the war that the men experienced throughout the second verse. The stanza examines the build up and anticipation of battle, using a tone that is a mixture of fear and anticipation. Graves uses pathetic fallacy, the weather reflects the feelings of pressure and suppression that the soldiers experience the common sky/That sagged ominously upon the earth. This also gives the impression that the soldiers do have to face not only the full might of the German army, but the strength of the elements too: Down pressed the sky. Graves then goes on to contrast the natural elements to the unnatural death of the young men: Natural infirmities were out of mode, For Death was young again: Patron alone Of healthy dying, premature fate-spasm. This image is particularly effective as it personifies death, a device which brings death closer: the reader feels that death is approaching the waiting soldiers. The  enemy is no longer a distant storm, but an encroaching Patron looking for his prey. This last line is also emotive of a dying person. The commas and hyphen give the line a jerky feel, like a spasm of death. The poet then moves into the battle itself as the third stanza begins. This verse is particularly interesting as it is full of images of antiqueness of romance, images reminiscent of ancient tales of fighting men, concerned only with wine, meat, log-fires, a roof over the head, an ancient chivalry and heroism. The men become purely physical beings, as your body is surely the primary concern on the battlefield and Our youth became all flesh and waived the mind.. The image conjures up pictures of young soldiers experiencing the adrenaline of danger, an emotion which leaves little time to worry about the massacre which surrounds them, only swearing when in lack of meat, wine, fire,/In ache of wounds beyond all surgeoning. The simple words Graves uses reflects the simple necessities and animal-like instincts the soldiers experience. The fourth stanza is the climax of the poem, the battle is over and the images are no longer simple and straight forward. Graves answers his question What, then, was war? with War was foundering of sublimities, Extinction of each happy art and faith. War has destroyed everything noble and impressive, everything that made life livable. After the physical exertion of the battle, Graves now presents the grim aftermath, where the mind begins to process the events it has just experienced. Graves presents an image of a fragile sanity which attempts to understand the war Protesting logic or protesting love,. The stanza ends with the image of a soldier finally breaking down under the weight of the immediate memories and his inability to reason the horrors he has witnessed: Until the unendurable moment struck- The inward scream, the duty to run mad. The last verse of Graves’ poem returns to the ideas explored in the first stanza. The poet’s voice is ironic as he uses images from childhood to describe the terrifying war he displayed the previous verses. And we recall the merry ways of guns-, the images make war sound child-like and unreal, the word recall reminds the reader of the poem’s title Recalling War. It has the effect of almost silently posing the question, ‘is this how war should be recalled?’ The answer is of course evident having read the previous stanzas, and the final lines of the poem just serve to confirm the reader’s conclusions: When learnedly the future we devote To yet more boastful visions of despair This  is a warning from Graves. He argues that our future will be filled with the despair that his generation experienced if the horror and brutalities are not remembered. Graves has used a wide variety of imagery to create a complete picture of various stages that the soldier experiences while at war, a powerful sequence of emotions that illustrate not only the damage war does and the painful memories it creates, but the damage which can be done if these memories are forgotten or blurred . This contrasts directly with Owen’s poem that seeks to describe the damage done by war when it is not forgotten. Both poets discuss the scars that war leaves, both physically and mentally. Graves’ poem is very much a detached reflection on war, focusing on before, during and after effects of a battle in order to argue the point that war should not be forgotten. The immediate effect of war is very powerfully described, but the long term scars are claimed to be forgettable and silvered clean, a strong contrast with Owen’s view. Owen’s poem portrays the very personal effects war has, he describes people whom he has met. Indeed as a poet who spent some of the war in a mental institution for soldiers called Craiglockhart, it is amazing that he is as detached as he is, considering he could well have been described as a ‘mental case’ himself, as he suffered from shell shock and nightmares.. Owen’s portrayal is gruesome and shocking, finally concluding by laying the responsibility for the madness at the feet of the reader and poet. This poem, not only demonstrates Owen’s view of the scars war leaves on people, it also serves as a useful insight into the way in which Owen was scarred by war. He clearly feels guilty at his survival, and he too is haunted by the images of the dead that he describes, how else could they be so vivid? This is perhaps the most interesting aspect revealed by Owen’s poem, the scars left by war on a real human with the ability to express and communicate the damage in such a way that the reader is not only shocked, but greatly moved. The poem has its intensity because Owen was writing it while in direct contact with the ‘mental cases’ whereas Graves is more distant as well as describing the memories of war. A poem which describes an inability to remember is far less disturbing than a poem which describes not being able to forget.

The Order of the Priesthood †Theology Essay

The Order of the Priesthood – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers The Order of the Priesthood Theology Essay From the dawn of creation and the genesis of the first man, Adam, Jehovah has repeatedly organized His Church on this Earth when we have been prepared for it. Because this Church is for us and for our happiness, God has seen to it that the organization of the Church is highly ordered, and is done according to His methods and His wisdom. A fundamental principle of this godly organization is the establishment of the order of the priesthood. Because God loves us, he has given us the priesthood, which complex and perfect organization allows man to act in the name of God while he is yet mortal- thus allowing him to help lead the children of Zion in tune with a perfect organization while at the same time existing as an imperfect being; God has established His priesthood as a principle of authority and order to save us from chaos and thus further our happiness. The priesthood can be defined as â€Å"the ability of man to act in the name and authority of God.† Originally, there was one order of the priesthood and before the days of Melchizedek this was called â€Å"the Holy Priesthood, after the Order of the Son of God† (DC 107:3). However, the revelation continues, telling us why this was changed- â€Å"out of respect or reverence to the name of the Supreme Being, to avoid the too frequent repetition of his name, they, the church, in ancient days, called that priesthood after Melchizedek, or the Melchizedek Priesthood† (DC 107:4). This order still exists today, and it is still called the Melchizedek priesthood. However, there is also another order of the priesthood, called the Aaronic Priesthood, which is actually an â€Å"appendage to the greater, or the Melchizedek Priesthood† (DC 107:14), and was given to the children of Israel (specifically those of the tribe of Levi) after the Melchizedek priesthood was tak en away because of disobedience. It has â€Å"power in administering outward ordinances† (Ibid). The Aaronic Priesthood is called an appendage to the greater priesthood because, as Joseph Smith teaches, â€Å"All Priesthood is Melchizedek, but there are different portions or degrees of it† (Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, pp. 180-181). Thus, although the Aaronic priesthood is often referred to as another â€Å"priesthood† or â€Å"order,† in actuality it is just a lesser part of the same priesthood that has existed since the beginning as the Holy Priesthood after the Order of the Son of God. The Patriarchal Order is often mentioned in the Church, but this is not an actual order in the sense that the Melchizedek and Aaronic are orders. It simply refers to the method in which the priesthood was passed from father to son, from the time of Adam, and is the order under which we will be governed in the Celestial Kingdom (Bruce R. McConkie, Mormon Doctrin e, p. 559). The authority and powers of the two orders of the priesthood are detailed in Doctrine and Covenants 107, verses 18-20. The Aaronic order holds â€Å"the keys of the ministering of angels, and to administer in outward ordinances, the letter of the gospel, the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins† (DC 107:20). It is fundamentally a preparatory priesthood. It functions to allow its bearers to perform- and thus understand- the basic outward ordinances of the church, such as baptism and the sacrament. In the days of ancient Israel, priests- those who were directly descended from Aaron and held the Aaronic Priesthood by right- performed the sacrifices and the ordinances that represented outwardly the Atonement of Jesus Christ. Basically, the authority of the Melchizedek priesthood is comprehensive. It allows the bearer, along with all the rights and privileges of the Aaronic or preparatory priesthood, the rest of the rights in the Gospel and the privilege of â€Å"[holdi ng] the keys of all the spiritual blessings of the church† (DC 107:18). These wonderful blessings include the rights to â€Å"[receive] the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, to have the heavens opened unto them, to commune with the general assembly and church of the Firstborn, and to enjoy the communion and presence of God the Father and Jesus†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (DC 107:19). The term â€Å"rights† here is literal; once a man has received the Melchizedek priesthood, it doesn’t necessarily make him immediately able to perform all the functions of the Church, but gives him the right to receive the ability to do so at any time in the future under proper direction and authority. An office is a position within the priesthood upon which certain responsibilities are bestowed; it is an appendage to the Priesthood as a whole. The office of a high priest is the highest office in the Melchizedek Priesthood. The other office in this priesthood is that of an elder. The central characteristic of the offices of the Melchizedek Priesthood is that they are ordained to administer in primarily spiritual things, such as blessings of comfort and healing and the spiritual direction of the body over which they have authority. They are also able to officiate in any other office when there are no higher authorities present. Both an elder and a high priest have the authority to lay their hands upon someone and bestow the Gift of the Holy Ghost upon them. There are really four offices in the Aaronic Priesthood. The lowest is that of a deacon, and it is the office to which one is ordained upon first receiving this lesser priesthood. A deacon can participate in distributing the sacr ament and collecting fast offerings; it is the first and most preparatory office in the entire Priesthood. The next office is a teacher, which primarily holds the responsibility of watching over the Church and strengthen its members (DC 20:53). A priest, the next highest office, has the authority to baptize for the remission of sins, and has the responsibility to administer the sacrament (DC 20:46). Every office of the Aaronic Priesthood has a duty to â€Å"expound, exhort, and teach, and invite all to come unto Christ† (DC 20:59), and each of the aforementioned offices may take the lead of a meeting if no member of a higher office is present. The fourth office, that of bishop, is technically an office in the Aaronic Priesthood as the bishop’s purpose is â€Å"administering all temporal things† (DC 107:68). However, although it is an office in the lower priesthood, a bishop must be chosen from the High Priesthood, unless he is a direct literal descendant of Aaro n (DC 107:69). Within each office in the Church, however, there are certain officers that are set apart to perform certain duties. The officers in these positions have keys to perform these duties. The most common officer in the church is that of quorum president. Each quorum, be it of deacons, teachers, priests, elders, or high priests, has a president. â€Å"Of necessity there are presidents, or presiding officers growing out of, or appointed of or from among those who are ordained to the several offices in these two priesthoods† (DC 107:21). These presidents are set apart to direct the labors of the members of their quorum, and are given â€Å"keys† to do so. The word â€Å"keys† is a very fitting metaphorical term to explain the role of these officers. For example, take a quorum of elders. Each member of the quorum holds the same office, that of elder. They all have the spiritual authority or right to perform the duties of a president, but only one holds the actual keys to act as president. In the same manner, in a police station, there could be ten officers that all hold the rank of sergeant. However, only one sergeant, the one who has been entrusted with the keys to the holding cell, can open the cell. Each officer is certainly physically able to hold the keys to the cell, but only one actually holds the keys at one time and thus only he can open the cell. The deacons and teachers quorums have a president chosen out of their own numbers to act as president. As the priests quorum is the highest quorum of the Aaronic Order, the quorum president is not just a priest, but the President of the Aaronic Priesthood, or the bishop. There may be several ordained bishops in a ward, but only that bishop who has been set apart as bishop, i.e. the holder of the bishop’s keys, can act as bishop of that ward, and thus, president of the Priesthood of Aaron (DC 107:87-88). Elders quorums have an elder chosen from their midst to act as elders quorum president. A high priests quorum, however, as it represents the highest office in the Priesthood of Melchizedek, has a presiding high priest as its president- the president of the Melchizedek Priesthood in a stake, or the stake president. Each of the aforementioned presidents chooses two counselors to assist in making decisions. However, the counselors in this case do not hold keys. They simply act under the keys of the president they counsel. Only the counselors to the Presiding High Priest of the Church actually hold keys. The Presiding High Priest of the Church and his counselors form a First Presidency of the Church. Their responsibility is to govern the labors of all the members of the Church and they have the â€Å"right to officiate in all offices of the church† (DC 107:9). The President of the Church thus holds all the keys of the Church; his counselors do also. There are also twelve high priests chosen from the body of the Church. They form the Quorum of Twelve Apostles, equal in power and authority to the First Presidency. They are called to be special witnesses of Christ to the world, and their calling differs from all other officers in the church (DC 107:23-24). They also hold keys pertaining to their peculiar calling. The Quorum of the Seventy likewise consists of officers called to be special witnesses unto the Gentiles of the world (DC 107:25). The Seventy are also equal in power and authority to the Twelve, but they do not possess keys- they act only under the keys of the Twelve Ap ostles. Just like in any quorum, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the Quorum of the Seventy have presidents that direct the affairs of their respective quorums. As is plainly evident, the Church of Jesus Christ is extremely well organized. This organization is different from and greater than any other organization on the Earth; it is certainly the Order of the Son of God. The wonderful thing is, not only does God give us a perfect godly organization, He lets us take part in it; we are given a responsibility to act in His name as His agents and have been given the privilege to play a role in the building of His kingdom. As can be witnessed by the complexity and beauty of this organization, we as servants of God are much more able to progress ourselves and help the members of the kingdom progress and be happy. A man gets a small amount of authority, and if he proves himself worthy and able, he is able to progress a small bit more. Without the ordinances and order of the Priesthood, we would not be able to do this at all. Truly, God, with the gift of this perfect institution, cares about us and sincerely desires our progression and eventual ete rnal happiness and perfection. 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Ad Reinhardt, American Abstract Expressionist Painter

Ad Reinhardt, American Abstract Expressionist Painter Ad Reinhardt (December 24, 1913 - August 30, 1967) was an American abstract expressionist artist who sought to create what he called, absolute abstraction. The result was a series of works known as the Black Paintings, which consisted of geometrical shapes in subtle shades of black and near-black. Fast Facts: Ad Reinhardt Full Name: Adolph Frederick Reinhardt Occupation: PainterBorn: December 24, 1913 in Buffalo, New YorkDied: August 30, 1967 in New York, New YorkSpouse: Rita ZiprkowskiChild: Anna ReinhardtSelected Works: Untitled (1936), Study for a Painting (1938), Black Paintings (1953-1967)Notable Quote: Only a bad artist thinks he has a good idea. A good artist does not need anything. Early Life and Education Ad Reinhardt was born in Buffalo, New York, but moved to New York City with his family at a young age. He was an outstanding student and showed an interest in visual art. During high school, Reinhardt illustrated his schools newspaper. Upon applying to college, he turned down multiple scholarship offers from art schools and enrolled in the art history program at Columbia University. At Columbia, Ad Reinhardt studied under the art historian Mayer Schapiro. He also became good friends with theologian Thomas Merton and poet Robert Lax. The three all embraced approaches to simplicity in their specific disciplines. Untitled (1936). The Pace Gallery Works Progress Administration Work Shortly after graduation from Columbia, Reinhardt became one of the few abstract artists hired in the Federal Arts Project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). There he met other prominent 20th-century American artists including Willem de Kooning and Arshile Gorky. His work of the period also demonstrated the impact of Stuart Davis experiments with geometric abstraction. While working for the WPA, Ad Reinhardt also became a member of the American Abstract Artists group. They were profoundly influential in the development of the avant-garde in the U.S. In 1950, Reinhardt joined the group of artists known as The Irascibles who protested that the Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art in New York was not modern enough. Jackson Pollock, Barnett Newman, Hans Hofmann, and Mark Rothko were part of the group. John Loengard / Getty Images Absolute Abstraction and the Black Paintings Ad Reinhardts work was non-representational from the beginning. However, his paintings show a distinctive progression from visual complexity to simple compositions of geometrical shapes in shades of the same color. By the 1950s, the work began approaching what Reinhardt called absolute abstraction. He believed that much of the abstract expressionism of the era was too full of emotional content and the impact of the artists ego. He aimed to create paintings with no emotion or narrative content at all. Although he was part of the movement, Reinhardts ideas often ran counter to those of his contemporaries. In the latter part of the 1950s, Ad Reinhardt began work on the Black Paintings that would define the rest of his career. He took inspiration from Russian art theorist Kazimir Malevich, who created the work Black Square in 1915, referred to as the, zero point of painting. Malevich described an art movement focused on simple geometric shapes and a limited color palette that he called suprematism. Reinhardt expanded on the ideas in his theoretical writings, saying that he was creating, the last paintings one can make. While many of Reinhardts black paintings look flat and monochrome upon first glance, they reveal multiple shades and intriguing complexity when viewed close up. Among the techniques used to create the works was the siphoning of oil from the pigments used that resulted in a delicate finish. Unfortunately, the method also made the paintings challenging to preserve and maintain without damaging the surface. Black Series #6. U.S. Department of State embassy collections Despite the purging of all references to the outside world in his paintings, Ad Reinhardt insisted that his art could impact society and bring about positive change. He saw art as an almost mystical force in the world. Legacy The paintings of Ad Reinhardt remain an essential conceptual link between abstract expressionism and the minimalist art of the 1960s and beyond. Although his fellow expressionists often criticized his work, many of the most prominent artists of the next generation saw Reinhardt as a vital leader pointing toward the future of painting. Ad Reinhardt in Museum of Modern Art exhibition of his paintings. Robert R. McElroy / Getty Images Ad Reinhardt began to teach art in 1947 at Brooklyn College. Teaching, including a stint at Yale University, was a significant part of his work for the next 20 years until his death from a massive heart attack in 1967. Source Reinhardt, Ad. Ad Reinhardt. Rizzoli International, 1991.